烟草氨基酸代谢及其调控机制

综述了植物氨同化以及烟草中苯丙氨酸代谢、脯氨酸代谢、美拉德反应及其与烟叶风味和品质关系的研究进展,并分析了环境因素对烟草氨基酸代谢的影响,为深入研究氨基酸对烟叶品质和风味影响的机制奠定了基础。     

Enhancing highly unsaturated ω‐3 fatty acids in phase‐fed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using Alaskan fish oils

Rainbow trout, average weight 185–187 g, were fed feeds containing menhaden oil, canola oil or fish oils (pollock, pink salmon or rockfish) produced from Alaskan seafood processing waste as the added oil for 8 weeks, at which time the fish weighed 391–411 g (average 404 g, pooled SE = 5.7). The fish were previously fed from 75 g average weight fed commercial feed containing poultry oil as the added oil. No significant differences were measured in final weight or feed conversion ratio among dietary treatment groups. Significant differences were found in fillet ω‐3 fatty acid (FA) levels from fish receiving fish oil‐supplemented feeds compared to those from fish receiving feeds containing canola oil. Fillet contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3) were highest in the pollock oil treatment group, although all fish oils increased highly unsaturated ω‐3 FA contents (mg 100 g^?1) of fillets. Fish oil used through the production cycle was reduced by 25% by supplementing feeds with poultry oil during the middle phase of production (75–175 g) compared to using feeds containing fish oil throughout the production cycle. Fish oils recovered from Alaskan seafood processing waste were suitable alternatives to conventional fish oil as ingredients in rainbow trout production feeds.     

假地豆响应缺磷胁迫的代谢衍生物分析

为探究假地豆（Desmodium heterocarpon）对缺磷胁迫的生理和代谢响应,本研究通过水培试验,分析了正常供磷（+P处理）和缺磷（-P处理）对假地豆生长及代谢物积累的影响。结果表明：缺磷胁迫降低了假地豆地上部干重和磷含量,但促进了根系生长。随后,代谢组共检测到假地豆叶片和根系的267个代谢物,可被分为12类。其中,叶片和根系的缺磷胁迫差异累积代谢物（DAMs）均为79个。缺磷处理导致假地豆叶片和根系的原花青素、槲皮素及其衍生物的积累显著增加,而2'-脱氧腺苷5'-单磷酸（dAMP）的积累显著减少。此外,缺磷处理使根系的8个有机酸和4个糖及醇类的积累显著增加。综上,假地豆通过促进根系生长和调整代谢物积累来提高对缺磷胁迫的适应性。本研究将为进一步解析假地豆适应缺磷胁迫的机理提供理论参考。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡肠道短链脂肪酸含量和菌群多样性的影响

【目的】 探究丁酸梭菌在肉鸡消化道内的定植能力以及丁酸梭菌对肉鸡肠道短链脂肪酸含量和菌群多样性的影响。【方法】 选择90只健康状况良好的1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡,随机均分为空白组和丁酸梭菌组,每组3个重复,每个重复15只鸡。空白组灌喂生理盐水,丁酸梭菌组灌服荧光标记的丁酸梭菌,3 h及16日龄进行解剖并采集回肠上皮细胞观察荧光情况。随后另外选择30只健康状况良好的1日龄雏鸡,随机分为对照组和试验组,试验组1~6 d饲喂含丁酸梭菌的饲粮,之后饲喂基础饲粮,对照组全程饲喂基础饲粮,试验期21 d。在16和21日龄时,分别采集回肠和盲肠中段内容物,测定乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和总短链脂肪酸含量,并进行微生物种类、物种丰度比例、菌属以及蛋白功能丰度等差异分析。【结果】 3 h及16日龄丁酸梭菌组回肠上皮细胞周围均呈现出荧光现象,表明丁酸梭菌能够定植于消化道上皮细胞。短链脂肪酸含量测定结果显示,与对照组相比,在肉鸡回肠内容物中,试验组16日龄乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）;21日龄丙酸、异戊酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）,乙酸、异丁酸和总短链脂肪酸含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;在盲肠内容物中,试验组16日龄肉鸡丁酸和戊酸含量均极显著增加（P<0.01）,异戊酸和己酸含量显著增加（P<0.05）;21日龄丁酸和异戊酸均极显著增加（P<0.01）,乙酸、异丁酸、己酸和总短链脂肪酸均显著增加（P<0.05）。门水平上微生物种类分析发现,16日龄样本中厚壁菌门为优势菌群,丰度最高;21日龄样本中微生物种类增多,其中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌群,丰度较高,16和21日龄试验组的优势菌群均高于对照组。物种丰度比例分析结果显示,与对照组相比,16日龄试验组厌氧菌属的物种丰度比例显著增加（P<0.05）,而去氟球菌属、丛毛单胞菌属、肠杆菌属等7种菌属的物种丰度比例显著降低（P<0.05）;21日龄试验组铁杆菌属、毛球菌属等6种菌属的物种丰度比例显著增加（P<0.05）,变形菌属、浮霉菌属、装甲菌门GP5的物种丰度属显著降低（P<0.05）。菌属差异分析结果显示,16日龄试验组起重要作用的微生物是布劳特氏菌属,对照组起重要作用的微生物是梭状芽孢杆菌属和未分类毛螺旋菌属;21日龄试验组起重要作用的微生物是未分类拟杆菌、毛球菌属、乳酸杆菌目、乳球菌属等,对照组起重要作用的微生物是诺兰克酸杆菌GP4、丛毛单胞菌科等。菌群蛋白功能丰度分析结果显示,16日龄试验组甲基受体趋化性蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、氨基酸转移酶亚基A的丰度均高于对照组,21日龄试验组ECF亚家族RNA聚合酶δ-70因子、丙氨酸的丰度均高于对照组。【结论】 丁酸梭菌可以在肉鸡回肠上皮细胞中定植;丁酸梭菌可增加肠道内容物中短链脂肪酸含量、微生物种类及有益菌属,提高物种丰度及功能蛋白丰度,从而促进肠道功能发挥。     

中链脂肪酸的生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)是一类含有6～12个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸。除了作为能源物质之外,MCFAs还具有改善肠道形态结构、提高动物生长性能、防治疾病、调节免疫以及抗菌等功能,因此具有作为抗生素替代品的潜力。本文简述了MCFAs的生物学功能和作用机制,并综述了其在动物生产中的应用研究进展,以期为MCFAs在畜牧业生产中应用提供参考。     

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on potato tuber quality in the European multiple-site experiment ‘CHIP-project’

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L cv. Bintje) was exposed to ambient and elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂), to ambient and elevated ozone (O₃) and to elevated levels of both gases during two growing seasons, 1998 and 1999. Experiments in open-top chambers (OTC) were carried out in Finland, Sweden, Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium and a FACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment was carried out in Italy. In OTCs the plants were grown under ambient CO₂ concentrations or with 550 and 680 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ alone or in combination with ambient or elevated O₃ concentrations (target seasonal mean of 60 nl l⁻¹ 8 h per day). In the FACE systems the plants were exposed to ambient or 550 μl l⁻¹ CO₂. In the OTC experiments the reducing sugar content of potato tubers decreased significantly with increased concentration of O₃. The starch content of potato tubers decreased, with negative impact on tuber quality, but the ascorbic acid concentration increased as a function of the AOT40 (The sum of the differences between hourly ozone concentration and 40 nl l⁻¹ for each hour when the concentration exceeds 40 nl l⁻¹ during a relevant growing season). However, simultaneous exposure to elevated CO₂ counteracted the ozone effect. With increase in the CO₂ exposure, glycoalkaloid and nitrate concentrations decreased yielding improved quality, while the citric acid concentration decreased causing a higher risk for discoloration after cooking. The amount of dry matter and starch increased significantly in the FACE experiment.     

两种测定风化煤与土壤腐殖酸含量方法的比较

选择GB11957-2001中的容量法和土壤腐殖质组成测定法，比较二者对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）、矿区土壤（栗钙土）腐殖酸含量的测定结果，及其实验过程、样品用量的不同，并对土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾溶液浓度进行比较选择。结果表明，GB11957-2001中的容量法对风化煤、耕层土壤（石灰性褐土）腐殖酸含量测定结果约为土壤腐殖质组成测定法的4倍，但对于腐殖酸含量较低的矿区土壤（栗钙土），两种方法测定结果相同。相对而言，GB11957-2001中的容量法在实验过程中更易达到实验要求，具有易操作性。通过实验，提出了风化煤、土壤样品分别在两种实验方法中的合理用量，和土壤腐殖质组成测定法中重铬酸钾的合理浓度为0.4000 mol/L。